During the 19th and aboriginal 20th century, abounding abate or beneath developed languages saw their aboriginal encyclopedias, application French, German, and English role models. While encyclopedias in beyond languages, accepting ample markets that could abutment a ample beat staff, aerated out fresh 20-volume works in a few years and fresh editions with abrupt intervals, such advertisement affairs generally spanned a decade or added in abate languages.
The aboriginal ample album in Russian, Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary (86 volumes, 1890–1906), was a absolute cooperation with the German Brockhaus.
Without such a academic cooperation, the Swedish Conversations-lexicon (4 volumes, 1821–1826) was a adaptation of Brockhaus 2nd edition. The aboriginal album accounting originally in Swedish was Svenskt konversationslexikon (4 volumes, 1845–1851) by Per Gustaf Berg. A added aggressive activity was Nordisk familjebok, accustomed in 1875 and advised to comprise 6 volumes. But in 1885, back it had appear 8 volumes and gotten alone halfways (A–K), the administrator angry to the government for added funding; encyclopedias had become civic monuments. It was accomplished in 1894 with 18 volumes,20 with two supplement volumes (1896–1899).
The aboriginal above Danish album was Salmonsens Konversationsleksikon (19 volumes, 1893–1911).
In Norway, encyclopedias chase the different history of the Norwegian language, the Bokmål alternative accepting angled off from Danish during the 19th century. Afterwards the civic ability in 1905, administrator Aschehoug (owned by William Martin Nygaard) assassin librarian Haakon Nyhuus to adapt Illustreret norsk konversationsleksikon (6 volumes, 1907–1913), in afterwards editions accepted as Aschehougs konversasjonsleksikon. In the Nynorsk alternative of the language, Norsk Allkunnebok (10 volumes, 1948–1966) was the alone album until the accession of Wikipedia.
The aboriginal above Finnish album was Tietosanakirja (11 volumes, 1909–1922). Inspired by the boyhood accent archetype of Norsk Allkunnebok, a Swedish-language album of Finland was accomplished in 1969 and eventually appear as Uppslagsverket Finland (3 volumes, 1982–1985; 2nd copy in 5 volumes, 2003–2007). With such a baby market, the sales acquirement alone covered the press cost, while editors were paid by endowments. In 2009 the absolute capacity was fabricated accessible online, chargeless of charge.
Already during czarist Russian rule, two editions appeared of the Latvian Konversācijas vārdnīca (2 volumes, 1891–1893; 4 volumes, 1906–1921). The beyond Latviešu konversācijas vārdnīca (21 volumes, A–Tjepolo, 1927–1940) was disconnected by World War II and never completed. Afterwards the war, Latvian emigrants in Sweden appear Latvju enciklopēdija (3 volumes, 1950–1956, with a supplement aggregate in 1962). Soviet authories appear Latvijas PSR mazās enciklopēdijas (3 volumes, 1967–1970) and Latvijas padomju enciklopēdija (10 volumes, 1981–1988).21
Similarly, in the history of Lithuanian encyclopedias, the Lietuviškoji enciklopedija (9 volumes A–J, 1933–1941) was disconnected by World War II and never completed. Lithuanian emigrants in the United States appear Lietuvių enciklopedija (35 volumes, 1953–1966). Soviet authorities appear Mažoji lietuviškoji tarybinė enciklopedija (3 volumes, 1966–1971), Lietuviškoji tarybinė enciklopedija (12 volumes, 1976–1985), and Tarybų Lietuvos enciklopedija (4 volumes, 1985–1988). Aboriginal Turkish album was Kamus-ül-Ulûm ve’l-Maarif accounting by Ali Suvai in 1870 afterwards that Ahmet Rifat Efendi's 7 volumes assignment "Lûgaat-i Tarihiye ve Coğrafiye" (Dictionary of History and Geography) appear in Istanbul at 1881.22
See additionally this account of actual encyclopedias
The aboriginal ample album in Russian, Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary (86 volumes, 1890–1906), was a absolute cooperation with the German Brockhaus.
Without such a academic cooperation, the Swedish Conversations-lexicon (4 volumes, 1821–1826) was a adaptation of Brockhaus 2nd edition. The aboriginal album accounting originally in Swedish was Svenskt konversationslexikon (4 volumes, 1845–1851) by Per Gustaf Berg. A added aggressive activity was Nordisk familjebok, accustomed in 1875 and advised to comprise 6 volumes. But in 1885, back it had appear 8 volumes and gotten alone halfways (A–K), the administrator angry to the government for added funding; encyclopedias had become civic monuments. It was accomplished in 1894 with 18 volumes,20 with two supplement volumes (1896–1899).
The aboriginal above Danish album was Salmonsens Konversationsleksikon (19 volumes, 1893–1911).
In Norway, encyclopedias chase the different history of the Norwegian language, the Bokmål alternative accepting angled off from Danish during the 19th century. Afterwards the civic ability in 1905, administrator Aschehoug (owned by William Martin Nygaard) assassin librarian Haakon Nyhuus to adapt Illustreret norsk konversationsleksikon (6 volumes, 1907–1913), in afterwards editions accepted as Aschehougs konversasjonsleksikon. In the Nynorsk alternative of the language, Norsk Allkunnebok (10 volumes, 1948–1966) was the alone album until the accession of Wikipedia.
The aboriginal above Finnish album was Tietosanakirja (11 volumes, 1909–1922). Inspired by the boyhood accent archetype of Norsk Allkunnebok, a Swedish-language album of Finland was accomplished in 1969 and eventually appear as Uppslagsverket Finland (3 volumes, 1982–1985; 2nd copy in 5 volumes, 2003–2007). With such a baby market, the sales acquirement alone covered the press cost, while editors were paid by endowments. In 2009 the absolute capacity was fabricated accessible online, chargeless of charge.
Already during czarist Russian rule, two editions appeared of the Latvian Konversācijas vārdnīca (2 volumes, 1891–1893; 4 volumes, 1906–1921). The beyond Latviešu konversācijas vārdnīca (21 volumes, A–Tjepolo, 1927–1940) was disconnected by World War II and never completed. Afterwards the war, Latvian emigrants in Sweden appear Latvju enciklopēdija (3 volumes, 1950–1956, with a supplement aggregate in 1962). Soviet authories appear Latvijas PSR mazās enciklopēdijas (3 volumes, 1967–1970) and Latvijas padomju enciklopēdija (10 volumes, 1981–1988).21
Similarly, in the history of Lithuanian encyclopedias, the Lietuviškoji enciklopedija (9 volumes A–J, 1933–1941) was disconnected by World War II and never completed. Lithuanian emigrants in the United States appear Lietuvių enciklopedija (35 volumes, 1953–1966). Soviet authorities appear Mažoji lietuviškoji tarybinė enciklopedija (3 volumes, 1966–1971), Lietuviškoji tarybinė enciklopedija (12 volumes, 1976–1985), and Tarybų Lietuvos enciklopedija (4 volumes, 1985–1988). Aboriginal Turkish album was Kamus-ül-Ulûm ve’l-Maarif accounting by Ali Suvai in 1870 afterwards that Ahmet Rifat Efendi's 7 volumes assignment "Lûgaat-i Tarihiye ve Coğrafiye" (Dictionary of History and Geography) appear in Istanbul at 1881.22
See additionally this account of actual encyclopedias
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